Name
User Mapping. NTFS uses specific ids to record the ownership of files instead of the uid and gid used by Linux. As a consequence a mapping between the ids has to be defined for ownerships to be recorded into NTFS and recognized. It may be another issue. First I would check dmesg and see if it tells where the USB device driver is located. Today I was using /dev/ub/a/part1 for a USB device. There may just be no /dev/sdd1 there, or that device may not have the right major/minor number for the USB memory stick, even though some tools are showing that device node. – ash Sep 5 '13 at 6:45. NTFS-3G is an open-source cross-platform implementation of the Microsoft Windows NTFS file system with read-write support. NTFS-3G often uses the FUSE file system interface, so it can run unmodified on many different operating systems.
ntfs-3g – Third Generation Read/Write NTFS Driver
Contents
- Description
Synopsis
ntfs-3g[-o option[,…]]volume mount_pointmount -t ntfs-3g[-o option[,…]]volume mount_point
lowntfs-3g[-o option[,…]]volume mount_pointmount -t lowntfs-3g[-o option[,…]]volume mount_point
Description
ntfs-3g is an NTFS driver, which can create, remove, rename, move files, directories, hard links, and streams; it can read and write files, including streams and sparse files; it can handle special files like symbolic links, devices, and FIFOs; moreover it can also read and create transparently compressed files.
It comes in two variants ntfs-3g and lowntfs-3g with a few differences mentioned below in relevant options descriptions.
The volume to be mounted can be either a block device or an image file.
Windows hibernation and fast restarting
On computers which can be dual-booted into Windows or Linux, Windows has to be fully shut down before booting into Linux, otherwise the NTFS file systems on internal disks may be left in an inconsistent state and changes made by Linux may be ignored by Windows.
So, Windows may not be left in hibernation when starting Linux, in order to avoid inconsistencies. Moreover, the fast restart feature available on recent Windows systems has to be disabled. This can be achieved by issuing as an Administrator the Windows command which disables both hibernation and fast restarting :
powercfg /h off
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Access Handling and Security
By default, files and directories are owned by the effective user and group of the mounting process and everybody has full read, write, execution and directory browsing permissions. You can also assign permissions to a single user by using the uid and/or the gid options together with the umask, or fmask and dmask options.
Doing so, Windows users have full access to the files created by ntfs-3g.
But, by setting the permissions option, you can benefit from the full ownership and permissions features as defined by POSIX. Moreover, by defining a Windows-to-Linux user mapping in the file .NTFS-3G/UserMapping, the ownerships and permissions are even applied to Windows users and conversely.
If ntfs-3g is set setuid-root then non-root users will be also able to mount volumes.
Windows Filename Compatibility
NTFS supports several filename namespaces: DOS, Win32 and POSIX. While the ntfs-3g driver handles all of them, it always creates new files in the POSIX namespace for maximum portability and interoperability reasons. This means that filenames are case sensitive and all characters are allowed except ’/’ and ’0’. This is perfectly legal on Windows, though some applications may get confused. The option windows_names may be used to apply Windows restrictions to new file names.
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Alternate Data Streams (ADS)
NTFS stores all data in streams. Every file has exactly one unnamed data stream and can have many named data streams. The size of a file is the size of its unnamed data stream. By default, ntfs-3g will only read the unnamed data stream. By using the options “streams_interface=windows” (not possible with lowntfs-3g), you will be able to read any named data streams, simply by specifying the stream’s name after a colon. For example:
cat some.mp3:artist
Named data streams act like normals files, so you can read from them, write to them and even delete them (using rm). You can list all the named data streams a file has by getting the “ntfs.streams.list” extended attribute.
Options
Most of the generic mount options described in mount(8) are supported (ro, rw, suid, nosuid, dev, nodev, exec, noexec). Below is a summary of the options that ntfs-3g additionally accepts.
| uid=value and gid=value | |
| Set the owner and the group of files and directories. The values are numerical. The defaults are the uid and gid of the current process. | |
| umask=value | |
| Set the bitmask of the file and directory permissions that are not present. The value is given in octal. The default value is 0 which means full access to everybody. | |
| fmask=value | |
| Set the bitmask of the file permissions that are not present. The value is given in octal. The default value is 0 which means full access to everybody. | |
| dmask=value | |
| Set the bitmask of the directory permissions that are not present. The value is given in octal. The default value is 0 which means full access to everybody. | |
| usermapping=file-name | |
| Use file file-name as the user mapping file instead of the default .NTFS-3G/UserMapping. If file-name defines a full path, the file must be located on a partition previously mounted. If it defines a relative path, it is interpreted relative to the root of NTFS partition being mounted.When a user mapping file is defined, the options uid=, gid=, umask=, fmask=, dmask= and silent are ignored.See ownership and permissions for valid combinations of security related options. | |
| permissions | |
| Set standard permissions on created files and use standard access control. This option is set by default when a user mapping file is present. | |
| acl | |
| Enable setting Posix ACLs on created files and use them for access control. This option is only available on specific builds. It is set by default when a user mapping file is present and the permissions mount option is not set. | |
| inherit | |
| When creating a new file, set its initial protections according to inheritance rules defined in parent directory. These rules deviate from Posix specifications, but yield a better Windows compatibility. The permissions option or a valid user mapping file is required for this option to be effective. | |
| ro | |
| Mount filesystem read-only. Useful if Windows is hibernated. | |
| ignore_case | |
| (only with lowntfs-3g) Ignore character case when accessing a file (FOO, Foo, foo, etc. designate the same file). All files are displayed with lower case in directory listings. | |
| remove_hiberfile | |
| Unlike in case of read-only mount, the read-write mount is denied if the NTFS volume is hibernated. One needs either to resume Windows and shutdown it properly, or use this option which will remove the Windows hibernation file. Please note, this means that the saved Windows session will be completely lost. Use this option for your own responsibility. | |
| recover | |
| Recover and try to mount a partition which was not unmounted properly by Windows. The Windows logfile is cleared, which may cause inconsistencies. Currently this is the default option. | |
| norecover | |
| Do not try to mount a partition which was not unmounted properly by Windows. | |
| atime, noatime, relatime | |
| The atime option updates inode access time for each access.The noatime option disables inode access time updates which can speed up file operations and prevent sleeping (notebook) disks spinning up too often thus saving energy and disk lifetime.The relatime option is very similar to noatime. It updates inode access times relative to modify or change time. The access time is only updated if the previous access time was earlier than the current modify or change time. Unlike noatime this option doesn’t break applications that need to know if a file has been read since the last time it was modified. This is the default behaviour. | |
| show_sys_files | |
| Show the system files in directory listings. Otherwise the default behaviour is to hide the system files. Please note that even when this option is specified, “$MFT” may not be visible due to a glibc bug. Furthermore, irrespectively of show_sys_files, all files are accessible by name, for example you can always do “ls -l ’$UpCase’”. | |
| hide_hid_files | |
| Hide the hidden files and directories in directory listings, the hidden files and directories being the ones whose NTFS attribute have the hidden flag set. The hidden files will not be selected when using wildcards in commands, but all files and directories remain accessible by full name, for example you can always display the Windows trash bin directory by : “ls -ld $RECYCLE.BIN”. | |
| hide_dot_files | |
| Set the hidden flag in the NTFS attribute for created files and directories whose first character of the name is a dot. Such files and directories normally do not appear in directory listings, and when the flag is set they do not appear in Windows directory displays either. | |
| windows_names | |
| This option prevents files, directories and extended attributes to be created with a name not allowed by windows, either because it contains some not allowed character (which are the nine characters ” * / : < > ? | and those whose code is less than 0x20) or because the last character is a space or a dot. Existing such files can still be read (and renamed). | |
| max_read=value | |
| With this option the maximum size of read operations can be set. The default is infinite. Note that the size of read requests is limited anyway to 32 pages (which is 128kbyte on i386). | |
| silent | |
| Do nothing, without returning any error on chown and chmod operations and on permission checking errors, when the permissions option is not set and no user mapping file is defined. This option is on by default, and when set off (through option no_def_opts) ownership and permissions parameters have to be set. | |
| no_def_opts | |
| By default ntfs-3g acts as if silent (ignore permission errors when permissions are not enabled), allow_other (allow any user to access files) and nonempty (allow mounting on non-empty directories) were set, the no_def_opts option cancels this behaviour. | |
| streams_interface=value | |
| This option controls how the user can access Alternate Data Streams (ADS) or in other words, named data streams. It can be set to, one of none, windows or xattr. If the option is set to none, the user will have no access to the named data streams. If it’s set to windows (not possible with lowntfs-3g), then the user can access them just like in Windows (eg. cat file:stream). If it’s set to xattr, then the named data streams are mapped to xattrs and user can be manipulated by using {get,set}fattr utilities. The default is xattr on Linux, none on other OSes. | |
| user_xattr | |
| Same as streams_interface=xattr. | |
| efs_raw | |
| This option should only be used in backup or restore situation. It changes the apparent size of files and the behavior of read and write operations so that encrypted files can be saved and restored without being decrypted. The user.ntfs.efsinfo extended attributes associated to files have also to be saved and restored for the files to be decrypted later. | |
| compression | |
| This option enables creating new transparently compressed files in directories marked for compression. A directory is marked for compression by setting the bit 11 (value 0x00000800) in its Windows attribute. In such a directory, new files are created compressed and new subdirectories are themselves marked for compression. The option and the flag have no effect on existing files. Currently this is the default option. | |
| nocompression | |
| This option disables creating new transparently compressed files in directories marked for compression. Existing compressed files can still be read and updated. | |
| big_writes | |
| This option prevents fuse from splitting write buffers into 4K chunks, enabling big write buffers to be transferred from the application in a single step (up to some system limit, generally 128K bytes). | |
| force | |
| This mount option is not used anymore. It was superseded by the recover and norecover options. | |
| debug | |
| Makes ntfs-3g to not detach from terminal and print a lot of driver debug output. | |
| no_detach | |
| Same as above but with less debug output. | |
User Mapping
NTFS uses specific ids to record the ownership of files instead of the uid and gid used by Linux. As a consequence a mapping between the ids has to be defined for ownerships to be recorded into NTFS and recognized. By default this mapping is fetched from the file .NTFS-3G/UserMapping located in the NTFS partition. The option usermapping= may be used to define another location.
Each line in the user mapping file defines a mapping. It is organized in three fields separated by colons. The first field identifies a uid, the second field identifies a gid and the third one identifies the corresponding NTFS id, known as a SID. The uid and the gid are optional and defining both of them for the same SID is not recommended.
If no interoperation with Windows is needed, you can use the option permissions to define a standard mapping. Alternately, you may define your own mapping by setting a user mapping file with a single line with no uid or gid. In both cases, files created on Linux will appear to Windows as owned by a foreign user, and files created on Windows will appear to Linux as owned by root. Copy the example below and replace the 9 and 10-digit numbers by any number not greater than 4294967295.
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| ::S-1-5-21-3141592653-589793238-462643383-10000 |
If interoperation with Windows is needed, the mapping has to be defined for each user and group known in both system, and the SIDs used by Windows has to be collected. This will lead to a user mapping file like :
| john::S-1-5-21-3141592653-589793238-462643383-1008 |
| mary::S-1-5-21-3141592653-589793238-462643383-1009 |
| :smith:S-1-5-21-3141592653-589793238-462643383-513 |
| ::S-1-5-21-3141592653-589793238-462643383-10000 |
The utilities ntfs-3g.usermap or ntfs-3g.secaudit (with option -u) may be used to create the user mapping file.
Examples
Mount /dev/sda1 to /mnt/windows (make sure /mnt/windows exists):
ntfs-3g /dev/sda1 /mnt/windowsor mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sda1 /mnt/windows
Mount the ntfs data partition /dev/sda3 to /mnt/data with standard Linux permissions applied :
ntfs-3g -o permissions /dev/sda3 /mnt/dataor mount -t ntfs-3g -o permissions /dev/sda3 /mnt/data
Read-only mount /dev/sda5 to /home/user/mnt and make user with uid 1000 to be the owner of all files:
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ntfs-3g -o ro,uid=1000 /dev/sda5 /home/user/mnt
/etc/fstab entry for the above (the sixth and last field should be zero to avoid a file system check at boot time) :
/dev/sda5 /home/user/mnt ntfs-3g ro,uid=1000 0 0
Unmount /mnt/windows:
umount /mnt/windows
Exit codes
To facilitate the use of the ntfs-3g driver in scripts, an exit code is returned to give an indication of the mountability status of a volume. Value 0 means success, and all other ones mean an error. The unique error codes are documented in the ntfs-3g.probe(8) manual page.
Known issues
Please see
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for common questions, known issues and support.
Acknowledgement
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Several people made heroic efforts, often over five or more years which resulted the ntfs-3g driver. Most importantly they are Anton Altaparmakov, Richard Russon, Szabolcs Szakacsits, Yura Pakhuchiy, Yuval Fledel, Jean-Pierre André, Alon Bar-Lev, Dominique L Bouix, Csaba Henk, Bernhard Kaindl, Erik Larsson, Alejandro Pulver, and the author of the groundbreaking FUSE file system development framework, Miklos Szeredi.
See also
ntfs-3g.probe(8), ntfsprogs(8), attr(5), getfattr(1), setfattr(1)
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